ORIGINAL PAPER
Immune disorders and COVID-19 vaccination: analysing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and cellular immune response
1
Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
2
Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
3
Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
Submission date: 2025-01-13
Final revision date: 2025-02-26
Acceptance date: 2025-03-15
Publication date: 2025-05-30
Cent Eur J Immunol 2025;(2):199-209
KEYWORDS
immunological responseCOVID-19 vaccinationimmune disordershumoral deficiencyneutralizing antibodiesinterferon responsecommon variable immunodeficiency (CVID)agammaglobulinaemiaIgG subclass deficiencyinborn errors of immunity
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
Immune disorders, especially in individuals with humoral deficiencies, pose challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccination efficacy in this population remains a critical concern amid circulating misinformation. This study aimed to analyse the post-COVID-19 vaccination immune response in individuals with immune disorders, focusing on humoral deficiency. The goal was to provide essential insights for tailored vaccination strategies.
Material and methods:
Tests including Anti-SARS-CoV-2 QuantiVac ELISA, SARS-CoV-2 NeutraLISA, and Quan-T-Cell SARS-CoV-2 IGRA were conducted on 63 patients with humoral inborn errors of immunity. Statistical analysis employed descriptive statistics and visualizations.
Results:
Patients exhibited diverse responses based on immunological diagnoses. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels varied across disorders, with agammaglobulinaemia patients showing lower levels but positive interferon responses. IgG subclass deficiency patients demonstrated robust antibody and neutralizing responses. Other antibody production disorders displayed strong immune reactions. Common variable immunodeficiency patients, particularly adults, exhibited higher antibody levels, increased neutralization, and pronounced interferon responses compared to children.
Conclusions:
This study underscores the nuanced immune responses in individuals with diverse immune disorders following COVID-19 vaccination. Insights into specific disorder-related variations provide a foundation for targeted vaccination approaches, contributing to enhanced protection in this vulnerable population.
Immune disorders, especially in individuals with humoral deficiencies, pose challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccination efficacy in this population remains a critical concern amid circulating misinformation. This study aimed to analyse the post-COVID-19 vaccination immune response in individuals with immune disorders, focusing on humoral deficiency. The goal was to provide essential insights for tailored vaccination strategies.
Material and methods:
Tests including Anti-SARS-CoV-2 QuantiVac ELISA, SARS-CoV-2 NeutraLISA, and Quan-T-Cell SARS-CoV-2 IGRA were conducted on 63 patients with humoral inborn errors of immunity. Statistical analysis employed descriptive statistics and visualizations.
Results:
Patients exhibited diverse responses based on immunological diagnoses. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels varied across disorders, with agammaglobulinaemia patients showing lower levels but positive interferon responses. IgG subclass deficiency patients demonstrated robust antibody and neutralizing responses. Other antibody production disorders displayed strong immune reactions. Common variable immunodeficiency patients, particularly adults, exhibited higher antibody levels, increased neutralization, and pronounced interferon responses compared to children.
Conclusions:
This study underscores the nuanced immune responses in individuals with diverse immune disorders following COVID-19 vaccination. Insights into specific disorder-related variations provide a foundation for targeted vaccination approaches, contributing to enhanced protection in this vulnerable population.
REFERENCES (28)
1.
Koltan S, Zietkiewicz M, Grzesk E, et al. (2022): COVID-19 in unvaccinated patients with inborn errors of immunity- polish experience. Front Immunol 13: 953700.
3.
Notarangelo LD, Bacchetta R, Casanova JL, et al. (2020): Human inborn errors of immunity: An expanding universe. Sci Immunol 5: eabb1662.
4.
Jurenka J, Nagyova A, Dababseh M, et al. (2022): Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody status at the time of hospital admission and the prognosis of patients with COVID-19: A prospective observational study. Infect Dis Rep 14: 1004-1016.
5.
Amodio D, Ruggiero A, Sgrulletti M, et al. (2021): Humoral and cellular response following vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients affected by primary immunodeficiencies. Front Immunol 12: 727850.
6.
Marchant A, Van Damme P, Plotkin S, et al. (2024): Enabling the evaluation of COVID-19 vaccines with correlates of protection. Biologicals 85: 101723.
7.
Chi WY, Li YD, Huang HC, et al. (2022): COVID-19 vaccine update: vaccine effectiveness, SARS-CoV-2 variants, boosters, adverse effects, and immune correlates of protection. J Biomed Sci 29: 82.
8.
Goldblatt D, Alter G, Crotty S, et al. (2022): Correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease. Immunol Rev 310: 6-26.
9.
Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion (Public Health Ontario). COVID-19 correlates of protection – what we know so far. King’s Printer for Ontario, Toronto, ON 2023.
10.
Napiórkowska-Baran K, Rosada T, Wiesik-Szewczyk E, et al. (2021): A multicenter survey on the aspects of everyday life in adult patients with primary antibody deficiencies treated with immunoglobulin G replacement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 35: 20587384211044344.
11.
McDonnell J, Cousins K, Younger MEM, et al. (2024): COVID-19 vaccination in patients with inborn errors of immunity reduces hospitalization and critical care needs related to COVID-19: a USIDNET Report. J Clin Immunol 44: 86.
12.
Pergent M, Haerynck F, Hoste L, et al. (2023): COVID-19 vaccination in patients with primary immunodeficiencies: an international survey on patient vaccine hesitancy and self-reported adverse events. Front Immunol 14: 1166198.
13.
Ortiz M, Wabel E, Mitchell K, et al. (2022): Mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer. Cancer Drug Resist 5: 304-316.
14.
Peng XP, Caballero-Oteyza A, Grimbacher B (2023): Common variable immunodeficiency: more pathways than roads to Rome. Annu Rev Pathol 18: 283-310.
15.
Herzberg J, Vollmer T, Fischer B, et al. (2022): SARS-CoV-2- antibody response in health care workers after vaccination or natural infection in a longitudinal observational study. Vaccine 40: 206-212.
16.
Soetedjo NNM, Iryaningrum MR, Lawrensia S, et al. (2022): Antibody response following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr 16: 102406.
17.
Almendro-Vazquez P, Laguna-Goya R, Ruiz-Ruigomez M, et al. (2021): Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination. PLoS Pathog 17: e1010211.
18.
Lozano-Rodriguez R, Valentin-Quiroga J, Avendano-Ortiz J, et al. (2022): Cellular and humoral functional responses after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination differ longitudinally between naive and subjects recovered from COVID-19. Cell Rep 38: 110235.
19.
Del Pino Molina L, Bravo Gallego LY, Nozal P, et al. (2023): Detection of specific RBD(+) IgG(+) memory B cells by flow cytometry in healthcare workers and patients with inborn errors of immunity after BNT162b2 m RNA COVID-19 vaccination. Front Immunol 14: 1136308.
20.
Ortega MM, da Silva LT, Candido ED, et al. (2022): Salivary, serological, and cellular immune response to the CoronaVac vaccine in health care workers with or without previous COVID-19. Sci Rep 12: 10125.
21.
Antoli A, Rocamora-Blanch G, Framil M, et al. (2022): Evaluation of humoral and cellular immune responses to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in patients with common variable immunodeficiency phenotype and patient receiving B-cell depletion therapy. Front Immunol 13: 895209.
22.
Mizera D, Dziedzic R, Drynda A, et al. (2023): Cellular immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with primary antibody deficiencies. Front Immunol 14: 1275892.
23.
Min Q, Meng X, Wang JY (2020): Primary antibody deficiencies. Adv Exp Med Biol 1254: 117-144.
24.
Gupta S, Su H, Agrawal S, et al. (2024): Adaptive cellular responses following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in primary antibody deficiency patients. Pathogens 13: 514.
25.
Vossen MG, Kartnig F, Mrak D, et al. (2024): Humoral and cellular response to the third COVID-19 vaccination in patients with inborn errors of immunity or mannose-binding lectin deficiency. Wien Klin Wochenschr 136: 598-607.
26.
Hurme A, Jalkanen P, Marttila-Vaara M, et al. (2023): T cell immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in adult patients with primary antibody deficiency – a 22-month follow-up. Front Immunol 14: 1146500.
27.
Murray CE, O’Brien C, Alamin S, et al. (2023): Cellular and humoral immunogenicity of the COVID-19 vaccine and COVID-19 disease severity in individuals with immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 14: 1131604.
28.
Dalakas MC, Bitzogli K, Alexopoulos H (2021): Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies within IVIg preparations: Cross-reactivities with seasonal coronaviruses, natural autoimmunity, and therapeutic implications. Front Immunol 12: 627285.
| eISSN: | 1644-4124 |
| ISSN: | 1426-3912 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
