The respiratory tract may be affected by various biological or chemical factors, which induce the inflammatory reaction in mucosa and submucosa. Depending on its severity, the inflammation may result in transient disability or a permanent damage of affected tissue. Usually, it is accompanied by various morphological and functional changes in epithelium, including impairment in ciliogenesis, the process of formation and regeneration of cilia. In this review authors focused on the influence of various intrinsic and external inflammation-related factors on a cilia structure and function, and their role in ciliary dyskinesia. Furthermore, some clinical and diagnostic aspects of the ciliary dyskinesia were also discussed.