Septic infections in malnourished surgical patients show the highest morbidity and mortality rate. The attempt to correct the postoperative immune and nutritional disorders by introducing immunomodulating nutrition is a promising way of improving outcome, but as yet little is known about the mechanisms of correcting postoperative extensive inflammatory response (SIRS) to a massive infection using this type of nutrition. A significant role in innate antibacterial and inflammatory response play Toll-like receptors that recognize PAMPs-pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In this paper special emphasis was put on clinical trials and the research result for TLR-dependent immune response, anti-bacterial/anti-inflammatory response applying immunonutrition with increased concentrations of glutamine and unsaturated fatty acids.