Central European Journal of Immunology
eISSN: 1644-4124
ISSN: 1426-3912
Central European Journal of Immunology
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2/2025
vol. 50
 
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abstract:
Original paper

Immune disorders and COVID-19 vaccination: analysing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and cellular immune response

Joanna Szczepanek
1
,
Andrzej Tretyn
1
,
Katarzyna Napiórkowska-Baran
2
,
Elżbieta Grześk
3
,
Anna Dąbrowska
3
,
Sylwia Kołtan
3

  1. Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
  2. Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
  3. Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
Cent Eur J Immunol 2025; 50 (2): 199-209
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/ceji.2025.151677
Online publish date: 2025/05/30
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Introduction:
Immune disorders, especially in individuals with humoral deficiencies, pose challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccination efficacy in this population remains a critical concern amid circulating misinformation. This study aimed to analyse the post-COVID-19 vaccination immune response in individuals with immune disorders, focusing on humoral deficiency. The goal was to provide essential insights for tailored vaccination strategies.

Material and methods:
Tests including Anti-SARS-CoV-2 QuantiVac ELISA, SARS-CoV-2 NeutraLISA, and Quan-T-Cell SARS-CoV-2 IGRA were conducted on 63 patients with humoral inborn errors of immunity. Statistical analysis employed descriptive statistics and visualizations.

Results:
Patients exhibited diverse responses based on immunological diagnoses. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels varied across disorders, with agammaglobulinaemia patients showing lower levels but positive interferon responses. IgG subclass deficiency patients demonstrated robust antibody and neutralizing responses. Other antibody production disorders displayed strong immune reactions. Common variable immunodeficiency patients, particularly adults, exhibited higher antibody levels, increased neutralization, and pronounced interferon responses compared to children.

Conclusions:
This study underscores the nuanced immune responses in individuals with diverse immune disorders following COVID-19 vaccination. Insights into specific disorder-related variations provide a foundation for targeted vaccination approaches, contributing to enhanced protection in this vulnerable population.

keywords:

immunological response, COVID-19 vaccination, immune disorders, humoral deficiency, neutralizing antibodies, interferon response, common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), agammaglobulinaemia, IgG subclass deficiency, inborn errors of immunity
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